ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

• Introduction to the Human Body
• Short Notes on Surface Anatomy
• The Skeletal System- Bones of Skull and Thoracic Cage
• The Vertebral Colum and Pelvic Girdle
• The Skeleton of the Upper Limb
• The Skeleton of the Lower Limb
• The Joints of the Skeleton
• The Muscles of the Skeleton
• The Circulatory System
• The Blood
• The Principle Blood Vessels
• The Lymphatic System, the Spleen and the Reticulo-Endothelial System
• The Classification of Food
• The Alimentary Canal and the Digestion of Food
• The Liver, Gall- Bladder and Pancreas
• The Respiratory System and Respiration
• Metabolism
• The Endocrine Organs
• The Skin
• The urinary System
• The organs of the Reproductive System
• The Cerebrospinal Nervous System
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• Organs of Special Sense-Taste and Smell
• Organs of Special Sense- Eye and Sight
• Organs of Special Sense- Ear and Hearing
• Glossary of Eponyms

ENGLISH & COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

Communication:-

• Role of Communication
• Defining Communication
• Classification of Communication
• Purpose of communication
• Major Difficulties in Communication
• Barriers to Communication
• Characteristics of Successful communication – The Seven Cs
• Communication at the Work Place
• Human Needs and Communication "Mind Mapping"
• Information Communication

Comprehension Passage:-

• Reading Purposefully
• Understanding What is Read
• Drawing Conclusion
• Finding and Analysis

Explaining:-

• How to explain Clearly
• Defining and giving reasons
• Explaining Differences
• Explaining Procedures
• Giving Direction

Writing Business Letters:-

• How to contrast correctly
• Formal language
• Address
• Salutation
• Body
• Conclusion

Report Writing:-

• Reporting an accident
• Reporting what happened at a session
• Reporting what happened at a meeting

RADIATION PHYSICS

• Latent image formation
• Processing of image formation
• Units for measuring radiation
• Construction of x-ray tube, production and properties
• Ionization chambers, GM counter cones and filters.
• Interaction of x-ray with matter
• Quality and quantity of x-ray
• HVT, linear absorption component, cones and filters.
• Inverse square law, scattered radiations and appliances to reduce them
• Radioactivity
• Curie, half life and decay factor
• Details about radium, cobalt and cesium
• Doses dose and dose rate, exposure dose, exit dose, surface dose, depth dose, is dose charts and their uses
• Radiation hazards, their protection, film
• Badge, pocket ionization chamber and maximum permissible dose.

DARK ROOM TECHNIQUES

• Importance
• Fixer
• Developer
• Safelight
• Developing of films
• Precautions
• Structure and layout
• Preservation of films
• Exposure

RADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

• X-ray upper limbs
• X-ray lower limbs
• X-ray Chest
• X-ray cervical spine
• X-ray spine
• X-ray KUB
• X- ray sinus
• All anterior, posterior, lateral views.

3.RADIATION PHYSICS

Unit -I

Physical Quantity, Its Unit and Measurement : Fundamental and Derived Quantity , Si Unit. Various Physical /Radiation Quantity Used in Diagnostic Radiology and its Unit ( For Example , Kvp, Ma, Mas, Heat Unit (Hu, Radiation Exposure, Absorbed Dose, Equivalent dose, etc.)

Mechanism : Scalar and vector quantity , speed, velocity and acceleration, Equation of motion under constant/ uniform acceleration (V=U+ At, S=Ut+1/2 At 2 , V2=U2 +2as), Relative velocity, projectile, Newton's Law of motion, Inertia, Basic Forces in Nature (Gravitational Force, Electrostatic Forces, Magnetic Forces, Electromagnetic Forces, The strong and weak Forces).

Work Power and Energy : Kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy, work done by constant forces, work done by variable forces. Rotational motion (Basic Concept): Angular displacement (In degrees and radians), Angular velocity & centripetal forces.

UNIT - II

Sound : The Nature and propagation of sound wave (The characteristic of sound, wave theory) , speed of sound in a material medium, intensity of sound , the decibel , interference of sound waves, beats & diffraction. Doppler's effect & its use in diagnostic radiation, ultrasonic wave.

Heat : Heat and temperature , Heat capacity , specific heat capacity , heat transfer-conduction , convection , radiation . Thermal conductivity (K) & valve of K of various material of interest in Radiology. Thermal Expansion, Newton's Law of cooling, heat Radiation, Stefan Law, Application in Diagnostic Radiology.

Electrostatics: Electric Charges, Coulomb's Law, Electric field, Electric potential and Potential Difference. The Electron volt, capacitance & capacitor and their uses in Diagnostic Radiology ( E. G mobile X-ray generators, Radiation Detectors Etc.)

Electric and Magnetism & Optics: A.C & D.C current, Ohm's Law, Resistance, Emf, Krichoff's Law, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Galvanometer. Basic Concept of Magnets and Magnetic Field. Ampere's Law, Electromagnet and Solenoids.

UNIT - III

Light (Basic Concept): Index of Refraction, Snell's Law, Total internal reflection, lens law, rectilinear propagation of light, use of principle of rectilinear propagation of light in radiology Photometry: Total radiation flux, luminosity of radiant flux: relative luminosity, luminous efficiency, illuminance.

4.DARK ROOM TECHNIQUES

UNIT I

Dark Room Layout And Planning

1. The Processing Area.
2. Dark Room Design, Construction, Illumination, Entrance Safe Lighting-Types.
3. Room Storage, Shelving Of Films.
4. Cleaning and Maintenance. Dark Room Planning:
5. For A Small Hospital, For A Large Hospital Location Of Dark Room And Construction Of Dark Room.
6. Ventilation, Wall Protection Entrance To Dark Room - Single Door, Double Door, Labyrinth.

Dark Room Internal Design :-

1 Instruction to Staff, Dry Bench, Drawer, Cupboard.
2 Loading and Unloading Cassettes.
3 Hangers, Types of Hangers and Storage of Hangers
4 Wet Bench Cleanliness, Control Of Dust, Dark Room Sink
5 Hatches and Drier
6 Safe Lights, Direct and Indirect, Uses, Factors Affecting Safelight Performance, Safelight Tests.
7 Viewing Room, Film Dispensing

UNIT-II

Radiographic Film & Intensifying Screens Construction

Radiographic Film: Structure Of Film Emulsion-Film Characteristics (Speed, Base + Fog, Gamma, Latitude)-Effect Of Grain Size On Film Response To Exposure, Interpretation Of Characteristics Curve-Grain Technology-Gelatin-Basic Film Types-Film Formats And Packing Direct Exposure Dualities Films-Single Coated Emulsions-Films For Specialized Use Manufacturing Process. Structure, Properties Of Different Parts, Handling, Film Wrappings. Handling Of Exposed And Unexposed Films. Types, Applications, Advantages/Limitations Of Different Types, Safe Light Requirements.

Sensitometer: Photographic Density-Characteristic Curve-Information From The Characteristic Curve-Speed Vs Definition. Storage Of X-Ray Film

Intensifying Screens: Structure And Functions, Common Phosphors Used-Types, Screen Mounting, Care And Maintenance Of Film Screen Contact. Intensifying Factor-Speed And Detail-Crossover Effect-Resolution-Mottle-Reciprocity-Screen Asymmetry- Cleaning. New Phosphor Technology-Influence Of Kilo Voltage. Photo-Stimulable Phosphor Imaging.

UNIT-III

Factors Affecting Image Quality & Processing.

Cassettes: Structure And Function-Types-Single, Gridded, Film Holder-Design Features And Consideration With Loading/Unloading-Care And Maintenance (Cleaning).

Processing: Manual Processing-Care Of Processing Equipment-Automatic ProcessorManual Vs Automatic Processing- Principles And Typical Equipment Microprocessor Controlled-Cine Processing-Daylight Systems-Processing Faults- Maintenance.

Automatic Film Processor.

a. Functions Of Various Components.
b. Film Roller Transport-Transport Time, Film Feed System.
c. Importance And Relation To Temp, Fixed And Variable Time Cycles.
d. Care And Maintenance (Cleaning Routine And Methods Of Cleaning).

Factors Affecting Image Quality: Meaning Of Radiographic Image Contrast, Density, Resolution, Sharpness, Magnification And Distortion Of Image, Noise And Blur. Radiographic Illuminators And Viewing Conditions, Visual Acuity And Resolution.

5.Radiological Procedure

UNIT I

1. Chest And Thorax Bones :- Chest Pa, Lordotic, Apicogram, Oblique Lateral, Thoracic Inlet View, Decubitus View

2. Abdomen :- General Properties Of Patient, Positioning Of Fluid And Air Levels, Plain Film Exam, Principle Advantage, Techniques And Applications.

3. Upper Limb :- Fingers, Hands, Carpal Tunnel View, Wrist-Projection, Projection For Scaphoid, Forearm, Elbow, Humerus, Shoulder Joints, Acromio-Clavicular Joints, Sterno-Clavicular Joint, Clavicle And Scapula.

4. Lower Limb :- Toes, Feet, Calcaneum, Ankle Joint, Leg Bones, Different Views Of Knee, Patella, Femur.

5. Vertebral Column :- Atlanto Occipital Joint, Odontoid, Thoraco Lumbar Spine, Lumbosacral Spine, Dorsal Spine, Cervicothoracic Spine, Sacrum, Coccyx, Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Flexion, Extension And Both Oblique Views Of Spine

6. Hips And Pelvis :- Pelvis With Both Hip Joints In Different Positions, Internal And External Rotation, Frog Position, S.I. Joints

UNIT-II

1. Ward Mobile Radiography :- Electric Supply, Radiation Protection, Instruction To Be Followed For Portable Radiography.

2. Operation Theatre Technique :- General Precautions, Asepsis Techniques, Selection Of Exposure Risks, Radiation Protection.

3. Dental Radiography , Macro & Micro Radiography, Localization Of Foreign Body, Mass Miniature Radiography, Emergency Radiography

Unit III

Individual Bones Of Skeletal System Of Human Body, Techniques For :- Petrous, Temporal, Mastoids, Nasal Sinuses, Foramina And Mandible, T.M. Joint, Open Mouth And Close Mouth, Optic Foramina, Sella Turcica, Internal Auditory Canal, Sphenoid Bone, Soft Tissue Neck, Nasopharynx, Larynx,Teeth, Intra Oral And Extra Oral Projection, Occlusal View.

6. SPECIAL RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE & PROCEDURES

Course Content:

1.Special procedu re and related Contrast Media

• Contrast Media
• Emergen cy in Radiology Department
• Excretory System
  • a) IVP
  • b) RGU
  • c) MCU
• Oral Cholecystograp l1y
• Percutaneous Trans hepatic Cholecystograph y
• G.T. Tract
  • a) Barium Swallow
  • b) Barium Meal Series
  • c) Barium Meal Follow Through
  • d) Baril1m Enema
• Hystero Salpingoraphy
• Angiography
• Tomography

2 Radiography of body parts and their poisoning

• Upper li1nb
• Lower limb
• Abdomen, Head and Neck

3. Guideline for design and location of X-ray equipments

4. Dark Roon1designing

• Outline structure of Dark Room
• Material used

DMLT 2ND YEAR

1. RADIOGRAPHY IN CLINICS

1. Definition of treatment planning.
2. Planning procedure in general with special emphasis on turnout localization and target volume measurement by conventional radiographic method and simulator imaging.
3. Role of special contrast medium base radiotherapy.
4. CT/MRI/Ultrasound/ radionuclide imaging methods physical and clinical requirements of field selection of treatment in Teletherapy, role of portal films in treatment planning. Choice of central axis percentage depth dose data and isodose curve form a spectrum of radiotherapy beams used treatment.
5. Requirement and practice of organ shielding single multiple fields, and rotational field therapy, planning procedures.
6. Computerized treatment planning system choice of dose, time and fraction.
7. Safety of critical organs in planning methods, Role of treatment shell immobilization devices and laser in patients set up and positioning
8. Acceptance tests on therapy simulator telescope megavoltage X-ray and electron bean 48 machines.
9. Contribution of technologist in radiation calibration of quality control assurance in execution of radiation treatment

2. RADIATION & RADIATION HAZARDS

1. Atomic structure as applied to generation of X-rays and radioactivity spectrum of diagnostic imaging and therapy X ray.
2. Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration, III waveform and target material on X-ray production lows of radioactivity and decay schemes of different alpha, Beta, gamma ray. Megatron and position emitters as used in medicine especially in radiotherapy.
3. Artificial radionuclide generators employed in medicine in general and radiotherapy sources in particulars.
4. Interaction of radiation with matter attenuation absorption and scattering phenomena.
5. Photoelectric absorption Compton scattering pair-production and annihilation process ionization, effects of geometry of thickness of the absorber. Dependence on the nature and atomic number of the absorber and on radiation quality.
6. Transmission of X-ray through body tissues linear energy transfer.
7. Range of secondary electrons and electron build up relative amount of scatter from homogeneous and homogonous beam defining the passage through a patient.
8. Physical requirements of beam defining devices e.g. cones, diaphragm, collimators etc.
9. Units of radiation measurements specification of quality and half- valve thickness (HIV) and its measurements, filters and filtration.
10. Measurement of radiation and dosimeteric procedures.
11. Radiation detectors and their principles of working.
12. Definition of Bragg-peak , percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor, tissue air-ratio, tissue maximum ratio, scatter air ratio, isodose curves and radiation penumbra of different beams.
13. Wedge filters, wedge angle, hinge angle.
14. Compensator beams flattering filters, scattering foils.
15. Physical properties of phantom materials, bolus and substitutes.
16. Factor used for treatment dose calculations, Daily treatment time and monitor units calculation method physical aspects of electron and neutron therapy.

RADIATION HAZARDS

1. Definition of radiation hazards maximum permissible dose and annual limit of intake (ALI) permissible dose levels on and around sealed source housing and installation principles of radiation protection and MPD of different ICRP rules, stochastic and non- stochastic effects.
2. Importance of 'ALARA' physical principles of design and planning of installation safe work practice in teletherapy and brachytherapy.
3. Shielding materials Radiation survey and personnel monitoring devices film badge, TLD badges pocket dosimeters.

3. IMAGINING TECHNIQUES

1. X-ray Production, Emission & Interactions with Matter
2. Radiographic Film, latent Image, Intensifying Screens, Grids
3. Radiographic Exposure, Film Developing & Processing, Radiographic Quality
4. Physical Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound Plezoelectric Effect.
5. Acoustic Intensity, Reflection, Impedance & Absorption
6. Ultra Sound Transducer, Beam, Operational Modes & Biological Effects.
7. Compound Tomography Principles of Operation System Components & Image Reconstruction.
8. Physical Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Basic concept, System Components, Biological Hazards, Advantage over CT

5.ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

Fundamentals of Electrocardiography

Interpretation Daniel E. Becker, DDS Professor of Allied Health Sciences, Sinclair Community College, and Associate Director of Education, General Dental Practice Residency, Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, Ohio 45409 The use of dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is regarded as a standard of care during general anesthesia and is strongly encouraged when providing deep sedation. Although significant cardiovascular changes rarely if ever can be attributed to mild or moderate sedation techniques, the American Dental Association recommends ECG monitoring for patients with significant cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this continuing education article is to review basic principles of ECG monitoring and interpretation. Key Words: Electrocardiography; Patient monitoring; Continuing education.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CARDIAC FUNCTION

The output of the heart per minute (cardiac output) is the paramount cardiovascular event required to sustain blood flow throughout the body. In addition to blood volume and contractile strength, the heart must sustain a regular cycle of relaxation and contraction if it is to fulfill its objective. This regularity is predicated on a series of complex electrophysiological events within the cardiac tissues that can be monitored using a device called the electrocardiogram. This device is variably referred to as an ECG or as an EKG, the latter based on the Greek term ''kardia'' for heart. Many prefer EKG to ECG because it is less likely to be confused verbally with EEG, the abbreviation for electroencephalogram. However, we will arbitrarily adopt ECG for this presentation. The quintessential events required for a normal car

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

THE ECG TRACING

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

ECG PAPER

6. ADVANCED RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

Ultra Sound

• 1. Principle of Ultra Sound
• 2. Types of Ultra sound
• 3. Description of Equipment
• 4. Indication and clinical Application

CT SCAN

• 1. Basic principle of CT scan
• 2. Description of Equipment
• 3. Conventional CT Scan
• 4. Indications and Contra Indications

COURSE CONTENTS

• 1. Preparation of Patients
• 2. Contrast Media
• 3. Indication and Contraindication
• 4. Clinical application
• 5. Procedure
• 6. MR Angiography

And any one option

1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
2. MAGETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
3. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES & EQUIPMENTS
4. RADIATION HAZARDS AND SAFETY ASSISTANT
5. ADVANCE RADIOGRAPHY
6. RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING AND QUALITY CONTROL
7. INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY & DRUGS USED IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY